Aneurisma incidental en mi consultorio / Incidental aneurysm in my office

Con regularidad, llegan a mi consulta pacientes con aneurismas que fueron hallazgos incidentales durante estudios de imagen realizados por otras causas puntuales (v.gr. cefalea recurrente, adormecimiento facial, trauma craneal o simplemente por estudios de revisión rutinarios). El hallazgo de una imagen compatible con un aneurisma inicia una serie de comentarios y recomendaciones por el médico tratante (que frecuentemente no es neurocirujano). Algunas de ellas son dirigidas con conocimiento del tema hacia opciones quirúrgicas o endovasculares, en otros casos, existe un sesgo evidente y recomendaciones que se salen de las guías de manejo hechas por las asociaciones dedicadas al tema. Un factor muy común es el hecho de que el paciente llega frecuentemente aterrorizado al consultorio por las recomen-daciones realizadas por el médico que hace el diagnóstico ("es una lesión mortal", "tiene alto riesgo de ruptura si no se trata inmediatamente", "no debe hacer ningún esfuerzo", etc.). Desafortunadamente, estas afirmaciones son en ocasiones ratificadas por neurocirujanos.

Aneurisma Incidental en mi consultorio"Primum non nocere" / Incidental aneurysm in my practice "Primum non nocere"

El gran avance de los estudios neuro-radiológicos no invasivos ha resultado en un incremento en el diagnóstico de aneurismas cerebrales incidentales. Esto genera un dilema frente a la indicación de tratamiento preventivo de los aneurismas no rotos que se diagnostican en forma casual, teniendo en cuenta la devastadora cifra de morbimortalidad de la hemorragia subaracnoidea aneurismática. La prevalencia de los aneurismas intracraneanos en la población general es del 3.2 % 1, mientras que la incidencia de la hemorragia subaracnoidea es 6-10/100.000 habitantes/año; por lo que podemos inferir que la tasa de ruptura es baja 2,3. El riesgo de ruptura de un aneurisma no roto oscila del 0.1 al 4% por año dependiendo de los factores de riesgo a los que esté asocia-do, lo cual debe confrontarse con los riesgos inherentes al tratamiento de los aneurismas no rotos tanto por vía quirúrgica convencional como endovascular a la hora de tomar una decisión sobre su manejo

Aneurisma incidental en mi consultorio / Incidental aneurysm in my office

La amable invitación a escribir este artículo me llevó al interesante ejercicio de reflexionar sobre qué hago y cómo enfrento a un paciente que llega a la consulta derivado con un aneurisma cerebral incidental: día normal en el consultorio, tratar de resolver en forma simple problemas que son com-plejos.Como en toda consulta primero hay que escuchar y hacerse la idea de cómo viene el paciente, si está asustado, si muestra buena predisposición ¿Pregunta tranquilo qué hacer después de un hallazgo inesperado o llega desconfiado, de consulta en consulta, buscando definiciones u opiniones acerca de un aneurisma que le han encontrado en un estudio por una cefalea poco clara?Comprendo la ansiedad y la incertidumbre que genera la noticia. Ponerlo en contexto general a veces ayuda: 3 al 5% de la población tiene aneurismas cerebrales, la mayoría pequeños y la posibilidad de un sangrado es del 1% anual o menos

Impresión 3D para planificación de abordaje neuroquirúrgico - Experiencia en el Nordeste Argentino / 3D printing for neurosurgical approach planning - Experience in Northeast Argentina

Introducción: El entrenamiento y la cuidadosa planificación preoperatoria son importantes para el éxito de cualquier procedimiento neuroquirúrgico. Un modelo 3D de una lesión en base de cráneo ha probado ser de especial utilidad en evidenciar la disposición espacial específica del tumor, y sus relaciones, agregando factores que optimizan la planificación quirúrgica. Objetivos: Emular la práctica de Impresión 3D en nuestro medio y analizar su utilidad para la planificación quirúrgica. Presentación del caso: Paciente femenino de 41 años que concurre a la consulta por trastornos endócrinos, campimétricos y cefalea. Al examen paciente estaba lúcida, con pupilas intermedias hipo reactivas, hemianopsia bitemporal, movilizando 4 miembros sin déficit. En RM de cerebro se observa lesión espacio ocupante selar-supraselar con aspecto multilobulado, que invade cisterna interpeduncular y desplaza estructuras del tercer ventrículo. Intervención: La paciente fue sometida a cirugía resectiva por abordaje subfrontal, logrando resección macroscópica completa. Evolucionando posteriormente con GOS 5. Conclusión: La realización de modelos en impresión 3D provee importantes perspectivas para el abordaje a la lesión y constituyen una importante herramienta de bajo costo para neurocirujanos en formación. Destacamos la importancia de la interdisciplinariedad para el arribo a resultados favorables.

Introduction: Effective surgical training and careful preoperative planning are important for success in neurosurgical procedures. As a 3D printed skull base lesion model shows the specific spatial arrangement of a tumor, and its anatomical relations, we believe it could play an important role in surgical planning. Objectives: Emulate the practice of 3D Printing in our environment and analyze its usefulness for surgical planning. Case presentation: 41-year-old female patient who attends the consultation for endocrine, visual field disorders and headache. On examination, the patient was lucid, with hypo reactive intermediate pupils, bitemporal hemianopia, mobilizing 4 extremities without deficit. In MRI of the brain, a selar-suprasellar space-occupying lesion with a multilobed appearance is observed, which invades the interpeduncular cistern and displaces structures of the third ventricle. Intervention: The patient underwent resective surgery through a subfrontal approach, achieving complete macroscopic resection. Evolving later with GOS 5 Conclusion: 3D printing models provide to us important of perspectives for the approach to the lesion and constitute an important low-cost tool for neurosurgeons in training. We highlight the importance of interdisciplinarity for the arrival of favorable results.

Reasons for delayed spinal cord decompression in individuals with traumatic spinal cord injuries in Iran: A qualitative study from the perspective of neurosurgeons / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#The median time from the event leading to the spinal cord injury (SCI) to the time of decompressive surgery is estimated to be 6.9 days in Iran, which is much longer than the proposed ideal time (less than 24 h) in published guidelines. The current qualitative study aimed to determine the reasons for the observed decompression surgery delay in Iran from the perspective of neurosurgeons.@*METHODS@#This qualitative study is designed to perform content analysis on the gathered data from face-to-face semi-structured interviews with 12 Iranian neurosurgeons.@*RESULTS@#The findings of the current study suggest that patient-related factors constitute more than half of the codes extracted from the interviews. Overall, the type of injury, presence of polytrauma, and surgeons' wrong attitude are the main factors causing delayed spinal cord decompression in Iranian patients from the perspective of neurosurgeons. Other notable factors include delay in transferring patients to the trauma center, delay in availability of necessary equipment, and scarce medical personnel.@*CONCLUSION@#In the perspective of neurosurgeons, the type of injury, presence of polytrauma, and surgeons' wrong attitude are the leading reasons for delayed decompressive surgery of individuals with SCI in Iran.

Posición semisentada en neurocirugía. Nota técnica y presentación de casos ilustrativos / Semi-sitting position in neurosurgery. Technical note and illustrative case presentation

Introducción: En las últimas décadas el uso de la posición sentada ha disminuido en frecuencia a causa de 2 complicaciones mayores: el embolismo aéreo venoso y la hipotensión intraoperatoria. Sin embargo es innegable que la posición sentada ofrece una serie de ventajas al neurocirujano, el anestesiólogo y al electrofisiólogo. Materiales y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes operados en dos instituciones de Tucumán, entre enero de 2015 y diciembre de 2019. Resultados: Se operaron un total de 119 pacientes en posición sentada por vía posterior. Conclusión: Se presentó la técnica de posición semisentada paso a paso y consejos específicos. Se ilustró la utilidad de la misma mediante la presentación de casos representativos

Introduction: In the last decades, the use of the sitting position has been abandoned due to 2 major complications: venous air embolism and intraoperative hypotension. However, it is undeniable that the sitting position offers a series of advantages to the neurosurgeon, the anesthesiologist and the electrophysiologist. Materials and methods: Retrospective study of patients operated at two institutions in Tucumán, between January 2015 and December 2019. Results: A total of 119 patients were operated in a sitting position and posterior approach. Conclusion: The sitting position technique was presented step by step in detail, with the key steps and a series of tricks. The usefulness of the position was illustrated by presenting representative cases

¿Superávit de neurocirujanos en Argentina? Análisis estadístico actual y de los próximos años / Neurosurgeon surplus in Argentina? Current statistical analysis and the coming years

La Federación Nacional de Neurocirugía (FNNC) fue fundada en la ciudad de Rosario el 23 de agosto de 2019, con el objetivo de crear una organización que nu-clee a todas las sociedades y asociaciones de neurociru-gía de nuestro país, con un perfil netamente gremial. La FNNC reconoce a la Asociación Argentina de Neuroci-rugía (AANC) como la organización que rige la activi-dad académica-profesional de la neurocirugía en todo el territorio de la República Argentina.Uno de los propósitos principales es lograr condiciones laborales dignas y correctamente remuneradas para to-dos los neurocirujanos que residan en suelo argentino. Pensamos que una de las herramientas necesarias para conseguir dicho propósito es lograr un equilibrio entre el número de neurocirujanos en actividad, el número de plazas de residentes, y el número de habitantes en Ar-gentina.Actualmente no existen datos concretos para realizar un diagnóstico de situación. Es por ello que la FNNC, apoyada y avalada por la AANC, tomó la iniciativa de realizar un análisis descriptivo de la situación actual y su proyección en los próximos años en relación con el nú-mero de neurocirujanos en Argentina.El objetivo del presente trabajo es presentar de forma sintética y clara los aspectos más relevantes de dicho es-tudio.

La búsqueda de un estándar teórico en la educación de los neurocirujanos de la Argentina / The search for a theoretical standard in the education of neurosurgeons in Argentina

Uno de los objetivos de la Asociación Argentina de Neurocirugía (AANC) es la educación. La heterogeneidad en la formación teórica de los neurocirujanos argentinos originó la falta de un estándar en la adquisición, crecimiento y mantenimiento de las competencias. Para resolverlo se comenzó un proceso centrado en la educación de calidad que buscó establecer estándares teóricos. Fue esencial el uso del aprendizaje electrónico para poder llegar a todos los rincones del país y lograr una formación teórica homogénea. Al aprobar los contenidos de los cursos on-line, más la experiencia práctica obtenida durante la residencia, el postulante estaría en condiciones de rendir el examen final de certificación e ingresar como miembro titular a la AANC. Los resultados de esta estrategia mostraron que todos los postulantes para los exámenes de certificación tuvieron la misma formación teórica. También se produjo un gran aumento de los postulantes a la certificación. Los resultados demuestran que cuando se crean las condiciones adecuadas, los profesionales participan y se someten a las exigencias de un examen de certificación.

One of the objectives of the Asociación Argentina de Neurocirugía (AANC) is education. Heterogeneity in the theoretical training of Argentine neurosurgeons caused the lack of a standard in the acquisition, growth and maintenance of competencies. To resolve this, a process focused on quality education began, which sought to establish theoretical standards. The use of electronic learning was essential to be able to reach all corners of the country and achieve homogeneous theoretical training. By passing the contents of the online courses, plus the practical experience obtained during the residency, the applicant would be able to take the final certification exam and enter the ANA as a full member. The results of this strategy demonstrated that all applicants for the certification exam had the same theoretical training. Also, there was a large increase in applicants for certification and that when the right conditions are created, professionals participate and submit to the demands of a certification exam

Tribute to Theodor Kocher: Far Beyond an Anatomical Reference

We know Kocher's name as an anatomical reference in neurosurgery. In fact, Theodor Kocher was a Swiss general surgeon, and his contributions were such that Kocher was honored in 1909 with the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology, and he was the first surgeon to receive this honor. Kocher participated in the initial scientific phase of medicine, livingwith names that are in history, as well as him; Langenbeck and Virchow, Lucke, Billroth, Horsley, Lister, Halstedt, Pasteur, Osler, Lawson Tait, Verneuil, and a long list and other icons of the time. The present account rescues the many important facets and contributions of the Swiss surgeonTheodor Kocher, and his relationship with several of them. Kocher's memory, surgical instruments and literary production are preserved in a small wing of the University of Bern. The present article highlights how intense Kocher's dedication to the medical field was.

Neurocirugía en época de COVID-19. Protocolo de actuación / Neurosurgery in the time of COVID-19. Action protocol

El manejo de pacientes debido a la aparición del nuevo coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) representa un desafío para los equipos médicos y quirúrgicos, ya que modificó el funcionamiento de los sistemas de salud en casi todo el mundo. Para contribuir a la re organización del sistema de salud, el Servicio de Neurocirugía del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires trabajó en adoptar distintas medidas en concordancia con las tomadas a nivel institucional y nacional; por lo que se analizó la bibliografia publicada, asi como las normas dictadas por el comité de crisis de nuestra institucion. A su vez realizamos una breve encuesta dirigida a neurocirujanos de america latina para conocer como se manejaban actualmente en relación a niveles de protección y realización de cirugias. La actual pandemia de COVID-19 es el mayor desafío que enfrentan los sistemas nacionales de salud en los últimos tiempos. Los neurocirujanos podemos contribuir a la reducción del riesgo de infección nosocomial de los trabajadores de la salud al adaptar distintos protocolos en pacientes con COVID-19.

Patient's management due to the appearance of new coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) represents a challenge for medical and surgical departments, since it modified the running of health systems in almost all the world. In order to help in this new situation, the Neurosurgical Department of our institution has adopted different measures in accordance with those taken at institutional and national level. In order to do this, we made a literature review and we added to this, the norms dictated by the crisis committee of our hospital. We also carried out a brief survey among neurosurgeons from Latin America to find out how they managed protection levels in relation to surgery. COVID-19 pandemic is certainly one of the greatest challenge national health systems face in a century. Adapting different protocols in neurosurgical patients with COVID-19 can contribute in reducing the risk of nosocomial infection of health workers.

Descriptive Analysis of Epidemiological Profile from Authors of Civil Claims Due to Supposed Medical Malpractice Against Neurosurgeons in Brazil

Introduction The neurosurgical practice often involves situations that require rapid and immediate decisionmaking, and a very lowmargin for error may eventually lead to an unsatisfactory clinical outcome. Thus, neurosurgery is considered as a medical specialty with high risk for the occurrence of litigation for supposed malpractice. The main objective of the present study was to identify the most prevalent epidemiological profile of the authors of civil claims for alleged malpractice against neurosurgeons, as well as to identify the legal strategies most commonly employed in this type of lawsuit. Methods This is a descriptive, retrospective and quantitative study, with review of the initials/exordials of all civil actions motivated by alleged malpractice against neurosurgeons, defended by an office specialized in Medical Law, from 2008 to 2018. Data were collected relative to the author of the action; the disease that led to the outbreak of the action; and some legal information of interest for the outcome of the litigation. Results During the period studied, 16 compensation/eviction claims were identified as being motivated by supposed neurosurgical malpractice. The average age of the authors was 51 years old; with a high school or undergraduate level of education in 75% of the cases, and especially from the Class B social extract (43%). Degenerative affections of the lumbar spine (12 cases, 75%) were the most common diseases that motivated the litigation, followed by brain tumors (2 cases, 12.5%), 1 case of carpal tunnel syndrome, and 1 case of chronic pain due to inflammatory radiculitis. The average value of the sponsored claim was 649,000.00 reais. Justice gratuity was granted in 80% of the cases and the reversal of the burden of proof by 30%. The main documentary evidence was medical reports ­ from third parties or the surgeon him/herself, and medical records.

Reflexiones de un neurocirujano militar de la segunda mitad del siglo XX / Reflections of a military neurosurgeon from the second half of the 20th century

Experiencias y reflexiones del Dr. José Hernán Salas Rubio, presentadas en forma de conferencia, en el Congreso Internacional Neuro-Cuba 2017. Es profesor titular y consultante, uno de los más prominentes neurocirujanos cubanos. Ha trabajado como neurocirujano desde 1962 y contribuido a la formación de jóvenes neurocirujanos. Ha publicado cinco libros y más de cincuenta artículos científicos(AU)

Experiences and reflections of Dr. José Hernán Salas Rubio, presented as a lecture, at the Neuro-Cuba International Congress 2017. He is a full professor and consultant, one of the most prominent Cuban neurosurgeons. He has worked as a neurosurgeon since 1962 and contributed to the training of young neurosurgeons. He has published five books and more than fifty scientific articles(AU)

Review of Physician Referrals to Orthopedic Spine versus Neurosurgery

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported what patients value while choosing their surgeon, but there are no studies exploring the patterns of referral to spine surgeons among primary care physicians (PCPs). This study aims to identify any trends in PCPs' referral to orthopedic surgery versus neurosurgery for spinal pathology.METHODS: In total, 450 internal medicine, family medicine, emergency medicine, neurology, and pain management physicians who practice at one of three locations (suburban community hospital, urban academic university hospital, and urban private practice) were asked to participate in the study. Consenting physicians completed our 24-question survey addressing their beliefs according to pathologies, locations of pathologies, and surgical interventions.RESULTS: Overall, 108 physicians (24%) completed our survey. Fifty-seven physicians (52.8%) felt that neurosurgeons would provide better long-term comprehensive spinal care. Overall, 66.7% of physicians would refer to neurosurgery for cervical spine radiculopathy; 52.8%, to neurosurgery for thoracic spine radiculopathy; and 56.5%, to orthopedics for lumbar spine radiculopathy. Most physicians would refer all spine fractures to orthopedics for treatment except cervical spine fractures (56.5% to neurosurgeons). Most physicians would refer to neurosurgery for extradural tumors (91.7%) and intradural tumors (96.3%). Most would refer to orthopedic surgeons for chronic pain. Finally, physicians would refer to orthopedics for spine fusion (61.1%) and discectomy (58.3%) and to neurosurgery for minimally invasive surgery (59.3%).CONCLUSIONS: Even though both orthopedic surgeons and neurosurgeons are intensively trained to treat a similar breath of spinal pathology, physicians vary in their referring patterns according to spinal pathology, location of pathology, and intended surgery. Education on the role of spine surgeons among PCPs is essential in ensuring unbiased referral patterns.

Professor Fernando Costa ­ A Man Ahead of His Time

This article describes the milestones in the life Brazil's greatest neurosurgeons, Professor Fernando Costa. Born and raised in the city of Pelotas, RS, Professor Fernando was an exemplary doctor. As former director and professor at the Catholic University of Pelotas, School of Medicine, his courage as well as his ethical attitude and transparency were the central traits of this masterful teacher. He will be eternally remembered as a great physician, teacher, father, husband, grandfather and friend.

Uso de WhatsApp en neurocirugía: ¿problema o solución? / Use of WhatsApp in neurosurgery: problem or solution?

Introducción: Debido a la naturaleza impredecible y demandante de la neurocirugía, es necesaria una comunicación segura y rápida entre colegas. WhatsApp se presenta, en este contexto, como una solución rentable, fácil, accesible y rápida. Por la característica fugaz de la tecnología los avances preceden a las normativas. Actualmente WhatsApp es una herramienta frecuente en los equipos neuroquirúrgicos y nos encontramos utilizando una herramienta de forma diaria e ignorando las consecuencias que puede traer el intercambio de información de pacientes en un medio que no se encuentra diseñado para tal fin. El presente trabajo pretende medir la adhesión de WhatsApp en neurocirugía y el nivel de conocimiento sobre sus ventajas y desventajas. Métodos: Se elaboró una encuesta sobre el uso del WhatsApp en Neurocirugía que se entregó impresa aleatoriamente a 150 neurocirujanos. Resultados: Se encuestaron 112 neurocirujanos con una edad promedio de 34 años. Un 98% usa Smartphone y la totalidad de estos usa WhatsApp. Un 96% utiliza WhatsApp para resolver cuestiones médicas fuera de su horario de trabajo. Ninguno de los entrevistados conoce el marco legal de WhatsApp. Conclusiones: Existe una fuerte adhesión al uso de WhatsApp en la práctica médica por parte de los neurocirujanos en Argentina. Esto se debe a su uso fácil, rápido, grupal y económico, que se adecua a la perfección con el ritmo y complejidad de nuestra profesión. Sin embargo, existe un total desconocimiento del marco legal de esta aplicación, del déficit de seguridad de los datos on-line; lo que se traduce en un potencial riesgo a la confidencialidad del acto médico.

Background: Due to the unpredictable and demanding nature of neurosurgery, safe and rapid communication between colleagues is necessary. WhatsApp is presented as a cost-effective, easy and accessible solution. Because of the rapid advanced of technology, it usually precedes regulations. Currently WhatsApp is a frequent tool in neurosurgical teams and we find ourselves using an instrument on a daily basis and ignoring the consequences that the exchange of patient information using this method can bring. The present work aims to measure the adherence of WhatsApp in neurosurgery and the level of knowledge about its advantages and disadvantages. Methods: A survey was developed on the use of WhatsApp in Neurosurgery that was delivered randomly to 150 neurosurgeons. Results: 112 neurosurgeons with an average age of 34 years were surveyed. 98% use Smartphone and all of them use WhatsApp. 96% use WhatsApp to resolve medical issues outside of their work hours. None of the interviewees knows the legal framework of WhatsApp. Conclusions: There is a strong adherence to the use of WhatsApp in medical practice by neurosurgeons in Argentina. This is due to its easy, fast, and economic use, which is perfectly adapted to the rhythm and complexity of our profession. However, there is a total ignorance of the legal framework of this application which translates into potential risks to patient's confidentiality.

Herstory of the Korean Women Neurosurgical Society since 2008

The Korean Women Neurosurgical Society (KWNS) was founded in 2008. To commemorate its 10th anniversary, herein we review its history and the status of Korean Neurosurgical Society (KNS)-certified women neurosurgeons. Based on the academic and social activity of the KWNS, we can expect to promote professional work as members of the KNS, facilitate interaction among neurosurgeons, and sustain professional careers.

Endovascular Treatments Performed Collaboratively by the Society of Korean Endovascular Neurosurgeons Members: A Nationwide Multicenter Survey

OBJECTIVE: Since less invasive endovascular treatment was introduced to South Korea in 1994, a considerable proportion of endovascular treatments have been performed by neuroradiology doctors, and endovascular treatments by vascular neurosurgeons have recently increased. However, few specific statistics are known regarding how many endovascular treatments are performed by neurosurgeons. Thus, authors compared endovascular treatments collaboratively performed by vascular neurosurgeons with all cases throughout South Korea from 2013 to 2017 to elucidate the role of neurosurgeons in the field of endovascular treatment in South Korea.METHODS: The Society of Korean Endovascular Neurosurgeons (SKEN) has issued annual reports every year since 2014. These reports cover statistics on endovascular treatments collaboratively or individually performed by SKEN members from 2013 to 2017. The data was requested and collected from vascular neurosurgeons in various hospitals. The study involved 77 hospitals in its first year, and 100 in its last. National statistics on endovascular treatment from all over South Korea were obtained from the Healthcare Bigdata Hub website of the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service based on the Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) codes (in the case of intra-arterial (IA) thrombolysis, however, statistics were based on a combination of the EDI and I63 codes, a cerebral infarction disease code) from 2013 to 2017. These two data sets were directly compared and the ratios were obtained.RESULTS: Regionally, during the entire study period, endovascular treatments by SKEN members were most common in Gyeonggi-do, followed by Seoul and Busan. Among the endovascular treatments, conventional cerebral angiography was the most common, followed by cerebral aneurysmal coiling, endovascular treatments for ischemic stroke, and finally endovascular treatments for vascular malformation and tumor embolization. The number of endovascular treatments performed by SKEN members increased every year.CONCLUSION: The SKEN members have been responsible for the major role of endovascular treatments in South Korea for the recent 5 years. This was achieved through the perseverance of senior members who started out in the midst of hardship, the establishment of standards for the training/certification of endovascular neurosurgery, and the enthusiasm of current SKEN members who followed. To provide better treatment to patients, we will have to make further progress in SKEN.

Stereoelectroencephalography in Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery

Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) is an invasive technique used during the surgical management of medically refractory epilepsy. The utility of SEEG rests in its ability to survey the three-dimensional organization of the epileptogenic zone as well as nearby eloquent cortices. Once concentrated to specialized centers in Europe and Canada, the SEEG methodology has gained worldwide popularity due to its favorable morbidity profile, superior coverage of deep structures, and ability to perform multilobar explorations without the need for craniotomy. This rapid shift in practice represents both a challenge and an opportunity for pediatric neurosurgeons familiar with the subdural grid approach. The purpose of this review is to discuss the indications, technique, and safety of long-term SEEG monitoring in children. In addition to reviewing the conceptual and technical points of the diagnostic evaluation, attention will also be given to SEEG-based interventions (e.g., radiofrequency thermo-coagulation).

Herstory of the Korean Women Neurosurgical Society since 2008

The Korean Women Neurosurgical Society (KWNS) was founded in 2008. To commemorate its 10th anniversary, herein we review its history and the status of Korean Neurosurgical Society (KNS)-certified women neurosurgeons. Based on the academic and social activity of the KWNS, we can expect to promote professional work as members of the KNS, facilitate interaction among neurosurgeons, and sustain professional careers.

Endovascular Treatments Performed Collaboratively by the Society of Korean Endovascular Neurosurgeons Members: A Nationwide Multicenter Survey

OBJECTIVE: Since less invasive endovascular treatment was introduced to South Korea in 1994, a considerable proportion of endovascular treatments have been performed by neuroradiology doctors, and endovascular treatments by vascular neurosurgeons have recently increased. However, few specific statistics are known regarding how many endovascular treatments are performed by neurosurgeons. Thus, authors compared endovascular treatments collaboratively performed by vascular neurosurgeons with all cases throughout South Korea from 2013 to 2017 to elucidate the role of neurosurgeons in the field of endovascular treatment in South Korea. METHODS: The Society of Korean Endovascular Neurosurgeons (SKEN) has issued annual reports every year since 2014. These reports cover statistics on endovascular treatments collaboratively or individually performed by SKEN members from 2013 to 2017. The data was requested and collected from vascular neurosurgeons in various hospitals. The study involved 77 hospitals in its first year, and 100 in its last. National statistics on endovascular treatment from all over South Korea were obtained from the Healthcare Bigdata Hub website of the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service based on the Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) codes (in the case of intra-arterial (IA) thrombolysis, however, statistics were based on a combination of the EDI and I63 codes, a cerebral infarction disease code) from 2013 to 2017. These two data sets were directly compared and the ratios were obtained. RESULTS: Regionally, during the entire study period, endovascular treatments by SKEN members were most common in Gyeonggi-do, followed by Seoul and Busan. Among the endovascular treatments, conventional cerebral angiography was the most common, followed by cerebral aneurysmal coiling, endovascular treatments for ischemic stroke, and finally endovascular treatments for vascular malformation and tumor embolization. The number of endovascular treatments performed by SKEN members increased every year. CONCLUSION: The SKEN members have been responsible for the major role of endovascular treatments in South Korea for the recent 5 years. This was achieved through the perseverance of senior members who started out in the midst of hardship, the establishment of standards for the training/certification of endovascular neurosurgery, and the enthusiasm of current SKEN members who followed. To provide better treatment to patients, we will have to make further progress in SKEN.